Muffled heart tones in a client with pericardial effusion can indicate the development of cardiac tamponade. This results in the build-up of fluid in the pericardial sac, which leads to compression of the heart. Cardiac output begins to fall as cardiac compression increases, resulting in hypotension. Additional signs and symptoms of tamponade include tachypnea, tachycardia, jugular venous distension, narrowed pulse pressure, and the presence of a pulsus paradoxus. Pulsus paradoxus is defined as an exaggerated fall in systemic BP >10 mm Hg during inspiration. The procedure for measurement of pulsus paradoxus is as follows:
1. Place client in semirecumbent position
2. Have client breathe normally
3. Determine the SBP using a manual BP cuff
4. Inflate the BP cuff to at least 20 mm Hg above the previously measured SBP
5. Deflate the cuff slowly, noting the first Korotkoff sound during expiration along with the pressure
6. Continue to slowly deflate the cuff until you hear sounds throughout inspiration and expiration; also note the pressure
7. Determine the difference between the 2 measurements in steps 5 and 6; this equals the amount of paradox
8. The difference is normally <10 mm Hg, but a difference >10 mm Hg may indicate the presence of cardiac tamponade.
(Option 1) Variation in QRS amplitude is termed electrical alternans. It could be present in cardiac tamponade, but it is not how pulsus paradoxus is determined. Electrical alternans is due to the swinging motion of the heart in a fluid-filled pericardial sac.
(Option 2) An apical/radial pulse deficit may be present during certain dysrhythmias, but this is not the procedure for measuring pulsus paradoxus. (Option 4) This is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure.
Educational objective: The nurse should assess the client for pulsus paradoxus when cardiac tamponade is suspected. The amount of paradox is the difference between the pressure heard at the first Korotkoff sound during expiration and the Korotkoff sounds heard throughout inspiration and expiration. A difference of <10 mm Hg is normal, but if it is >10 mm Hg, this may indicate cardiac tamponade.
Muffled heart tones in a client with pericardial effusion can indicate the development of cardiac tamponade. This results in the build-up of fluid in the pericardial sac, which leads to compression of the heart. Cardiac output begins to fall as cardiac compression increases, resulting in hypotension. Additional signs and symptoms of tamponade include tachypnea, tachycardia, jugular venous distension, narrowed pulse pressure, and the presence of a pulsus paradoxus. Pulsus paradoxus is defined as an exaggerated fall in systemic BP >10 mm Hg during inspiration. The procedure for measurement of pulsus paradoxus is as follows:
1. Place client in semirecumbent position
2. Have client breathe normally
3. Determine the SBP using a manual BP cuff
4. Inflate the BP cuff to at least 20 mm Hg above the previously measured SBP
5. Deflate the cuff slowly, noting the first Korotkoff sound during expiration along with the pressure
6. Continue to slowly deflate the cuff until you hear sounds throughout inspiration and expiration; also note the pressure
7. Determine the difference between the 2 measurements in steps 5 and 6; this equals the amount of paradox
8. The difference is normally <10 mm Hg, but a difference >10 mm Hg may indicate the presence of cardiac tamponade.
(Option 1) Variation in QRS amplitude is termed electrical alternans. It could be present in cardiac tamponade, but it is not how pulsus paradoxus is determined. Electrical alternans is due to the swinging motion of the heart in a fluid-filled pericardial sac.
(Option 2) An apical/radial pulse deficit may be present during certain dysrhythmias, but this is not the procedure for measuring pulsus paradoxus. (Option 4) This is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure.
Educational objective: The nurse should assess the client for pulsus paradoxus when cardiac tamponade is suspected. The amount of paradox is the difference between the pressure heard at the first Korotkoff sound during expiration and the Korotkoff sounds heard throughout inspiration and expiration. A difference of <10 mm Hg is normal, but if it is >10 mm Hg, this may indicate cardiac tamponade.
