Comprehensive Head 2 Toe Assessment
Central Nervous System
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- Fontanelles are soft, not depressed or bulging.
- Normal newborn reflexes are present.
- Cry is normal.
- Infant is alert when awake.
- No seizure-like activity.
- No jitteriness; normal muscle tone.
- Behavior is appropriate for age and development.
- Awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time.
- GCS is normal.
- Fontanelles are normotensive at rest and upright.
- Awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time.
- Follows commands, has clear speech, and bilateral hand grasps are equal.
- Able to verbalize understanding of current health state.
- Maintains eye contact.
- Communicates thought processes effectively.
- Behavior is appropriate for age and development.
Cardiovascular
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- Regular heart rate: 80-160 bpm.
- BP mean: ≥ 36 mmHg.
- Oxygen saturation: ≥ 92%.
- Color appropriate for gestational age.
- Central capillary refill: < 3 seconds.
- No murmur.
- Heart rate within normal range:
- 1 mo – 1 yr: 90-160 bpm
- 1-5 yr: 80-140 bpm
- 6-10 yr: 60-110 bpm
- 10+ yr: 60-100 bpm
- Regular pulse.
- No murmur or abnormal heart sounds.
- Capillary refill < 2 seconds.
- Skin warm and dry; color within normal limits (no pallor, mottling, dusky, cyanotic).
- Blood pressure within normal range:
- 0-1 mo: SBP > 60
- 1 mo – 1 yr: SBP > 70
- 1-10 yr: SBP > 70 + (age in years)
- 10+ yr: SBP > 90
- Regular apical rate between 60-100 bpm.
- Skin warm and dry.
- Normal color (no pallor, mottling, dusky, cyanotic).
- Mucous membranes are pink and moist.
- Capillary refill within 3 seconds.
- Radial, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses are regular and equally palpable.
- No calf tenderness, warmth, or redness.
- No extremity edema.
Respiratory
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- No abnormal chest sounds.
- Normal chest shape.
- Symmetric chest rise and fall.
- Airway patent.
- Equal and bilateral air entry.
- No evidence of increased work of breathing.
- No adventitious breath sounds.
- Respiratory rate: 30-60/min.
- No apnea.
- Infants are obligate nose breathers and use abdominal muscles for breathing.
- Breathing pattern regular; rate as expected for age:
- 1 mo – 1 yr: 25-45 bpm
- 1-5 yr: 20-30 bpm
- 6-10 yr: 16-24 bpm
- 10+ yr: 14-20 bpm
- Depth, rhythm, quality, and character as expected for age.
- Symmetrical movement with each breath.
- No intercostal retraction or nasal flaring.
- No shortness of breath at rest or on exertion.
- Breath sounds normal; no adventitious sounds or evidence of increased work of breathing.
- Absence of cough and sputum production.
- Able to clear airway secretions.
- Able to eat and drink without shortness of breath.
- Respirations regular in rate (12-20/min), depth, and rhythm.
- Symmetrical movement of chest, absence of retraction in intercostal spaces.
- No shortness of breath at rest or on exertion.
- Breath sounds are normal, audibly clear with no adventitious sounds.
- Absence of cough and sputum production.
- Able to clear airway of secretions.
- Oxygen saturation level normal (> 92% on room air).
Gastrointestinal
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- Ability to tolerate feedings well.
- No evidence of regurgitation or reflux symptoms.
- Abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended.
- Bowel sounds present.
- Bowel movements and patterns are normal.
- Ability to tolerate diet.
- No evidence of nausea, vomiting, or other digestive symptoms.
- Abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended.
- Protuberant abdomen absent by age 2-3 years.
- Bowel sounds present in all quadrants.
- Bowel movements are normal for the patient’s usual pattern.
- No assistance with delivery of nutrition or aids required (NG, G, GJ, J tubes, TPN).
- Ability to tolerate diet.
- No evidence of nausea, vomiting, or other digestive symptoms.
- Abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended.
- Bowel sounds present in all quadrants.
- No assistance with delivery of nutrition or aids required (NG, G, GJ, J tubes, TPN).
- Bowel movements are normal for the patient’s usual pattern.
Genitourinary
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- Appropriate bladder and renal function.
- Urine is clear and yellow to amber.
- Six or more wet diapers per day.
- Urine output: 2-6 ml/kg/h.
- No catheter present.
- No inguinal hernia felt.
- Testes are in the scrotum.
- No genital swelling or bruising.
- Urine output: minimum 1 ml/kg/h.
- Normal bladder and renal function.
- Urine is clear and yellow to amber.
- No dysuria, discharge, or bleeding.
- No catheterization required.
- No incontinence or nocturia (if toilet-trained).
- No genital swelling or bruising.
- Genitalia structures are appropriate for gestational age.
- Appropriate renal and bladder function.
- Urine is clear and pale yellow/straw-colored.
- Voiding without pain, dysuria, frequency, enuresis, urgency, hematuria, incontinence, nocturia, polyuria, anuria, or oliguria.
- No indwelling catheters present; patient does not self-catheterize.
Musculoskeletal
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- No known structural abnormalities.
- Ability to move all joints and extremities without limitation.
- Symmetrical movements.
- Limbs held in a flexed position with some resistance to active extensions.
- Ability to move all joints and extremities without limitation.
- Meeting developmental milestones for tone and movement (age-appropriate).
- Monitoring growth as per appropriate growth chart (e.g., maintaining the 50th percentile on a normal growth chart for age).
- Symmetry with no structural abnormalities (e.g., scoliosis).
- Ability to move all joints and extremities without limitation.
- Ability to ambulate with steady balance and a purposeful gait that is smooth, coordinated, easy, and rhythmic, with proper push-off and swing-through.
Integumentary
Newborn
Pediatric
Adult
- Skin color within normal range for gestational age.
- Skin is warm, dry, and intact, without surface irritation, rash, bruises, or visible/palpable abnormalities.
- Growth, pigmentation, and location of hair are appropriate for culture/race or infant.
- Normal skin turgor.
- Skin color within the patient’s normal range.
- Skin is warm, dry, and intact, without surface irritation or visible/palpable deformities.
- Growth, pigmentation, and location of hair are appropriate for the individual.
- No open areas.
- Normal skin turgor.
- Skin color within the patient’s normal range.
- Skin is warm, dry, and intact, without visible or palpable deformities.
- Growth, pigmentation, and location of hair are appropriate for the individual.
- No open areas.
Comprehensive Head 2 Toe Assessment
Physical Assessment
Integumentary
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Integumentary
Skin: The client’s skin is uniform in color, unblemished, and free of any foul odor. Skin turgor is good, and the skin’s temperature is within normal limits.
Hair: The client’s hair is thick and silky, evenly distributed, and has a variable amount of body hair. No signs of infection or infestation are observed.
Nails: The client’s nails are light brown with a convex curve. They are smooth and intact with the epidermis. During the blanch test, the nails return to their usual color in less than 4 seconds.
Head
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Head
Head: The client’s head is rounded, normocephalic, and symmetrical.
Skull: No nodules, masses, or depressions are noted upon palpation.
Face: The client’s face appears smooth and has a uniform consistency, with no nodules or masses present.
Eyes and Vision
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Eyes and Vision
Eyebrows: Hair is evenly distributed. The client’s eyebrows are symmetrically aligned and show equal movement when asked to raise and lower them.
Eyelashes: Eyelashes are equally distributed and curled slightly outward.
Eyelids: No discharge or discoloration; lids close symmetrically with involuntary blinks approximately 15-20 times per minute.
Bulbar Conjunctiva: Transparent with a few capillaries evident.
Sclera: Appears white.
Palpebral Conjunctiva: Shiny, smooth, and pink.
Lacrimal Gland: No edema or tearing.
Cornea: Transparent, smooth, and shiny, with visible details of the iris. The client blinks when the cornea is touched.
Pupils: Black, equal in size, and with a flat, round iris. PERRLA (Pupils Equally Round and React to Light and Accommodation): Pupils constrict in response to light and accommodation, constrict when focusing on a near object, and dilate when focusing on a distant object. Pupils converge when an object is moved toward the nose.
Peripheral Visual Field: The client can see objects in the periphery while looking straight ahead.
Extraocular Muscle Function: Both eyes move in unison with parallel alignment.
Visual Acuity: The client was able to read newsprint held at a distance of 14 inches.
Comprehensive Head 2 Toe Assessment
Ears and Hearing
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Ears and Hearing
Ears: The auricles are symmetrical and match the color of the facial skin. They are aligned with the outer canthus of the eyes. Upon palpation, the auricles are mobile, firm, and non-tender. The pinna recoils when folded. During the Watch Tick Test, the client was able to hear the ticking in both ears.
Nose and Sinus
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Neck
Nose: The nose is symmetrical, straight, and uniform in color. There is no discharge or flaring. Upon light palpation, there is no tenderness or presence of lesions.
Neck
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Neck
- The neck muscles are equal in size.
- The client shows coordinated, smooth head movement with no discomfort.
- Lymph nodes are not palpable.
- The trachea is positioned in the midline of the neck.
- The thyroid gland is not visible upon inspection; it ascends during swallowing but remains invisible.
Mouth
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Mouth
Lips: The lips are uniformly pink, moist, symmetric, and have a smooth texture. The client was able to purse his lips when asked to whistle.
Teeth and Gums: No discoloration of the enamel, no gum retraction, and the gums are pink in color.
Buccal Mucosa: Appears uniformly pink, moist, soft, glistening, and elastic.
Tongue: Centrally positioned, pink, moist, slightly rough, with a thin whitish coating.
Palates: The soft palate is light pink and smooth, while the hard palate has a more irregular texture.
Uvula: Positioned in the midline of the soft palate.
Thorax, Lungs, and Abdomen
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Thorax , Lungs, and Abdomen
Lungs / Chest: The chest wall is intact with no tenderness or masses. There is full and symmetric expansion, with the thumbs separating 2-3 cm during deep inspiration when assessing respiratory excursion. The client exhibits quiet, rhythmic, and effortless respirations.
Spine: Vertically aligned. The right and left shoulders and hips are at the same height.
Heart: No visible pulsations in the aortic and pulmonic areas. No presence of heaves or lifts.
Abdomen: The abdomen has unblemished skin and is uniform in color with a symmetric contour. Symmetric movements are noted with respiration. The jugular veins are not visible.
Nails: During the blanch test, nails return to their usual color in less than 4 seconds.
Extremities
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment for Extrimities
Extremities: Symmetrical in size and length.
Muscles: Not palpable with no tremors. Normally firm and exhibit smooth, coordinated movements.
Bones: No deformities, tenderness, or swelling observed.
Joints: No swelling or tenderness; joints move smoothly.
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment
Comprehensive Head 2 toe assessment
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