A hospital provides the safest for an anticipated severe alcohol withdrawal. All clients should be given thiamine 100 mg as soon as possible, and then daily during the withdrawal period. Benzodiazepines (such as diazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, or lorazepam) are prescribed to minimize agitation and anxiety, as well as treat possible seizures. Naloxone hydrochloride is used to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. Disulfiram is taken to support alcohol abuse treatment by producing an acute sensitivity to drinking alcohol. Haloperidol is an anti-psychotic drug, prescribed for schizophrenia and other psychoses.

1tsp = 5mL and 4 mg. Multiply 4mg * 2 to reach the ordered dose of 8 mg. It will take 10 mL (2 tsp) to give 8 mg of Zofran.

5 mL = 1 teaspoon. The parent should give the child 1 teaspoon of amoxicillin every 8 hours. The parent should use a medication spoon or dropper to measure the dose, not a household spoon. The nurse should educate the parent about completing the prescription even if the child starts to feel better. 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons (15 mL), which would be a triple dose.

Beta-1 receptors are found in the cardiac conduction system and myocytes. Beta-1 blockade will slow discharge from the SA node and decrease speed through the AV node, slowing the heart rate. Propranolol (Inderal) decreases the strength of heart contractions as well as the heart rate, resulting in less cardiac oxygen consumption.

Although neomycin is generally prescribed to treat infection, it is also prescribed for patients with liver disease to kill intestinal bacteria. The bacteria produce ammonia when breaking down protein. The diseased liver is unable to clear the ammonia, so serum levels build and lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Neomycin does not affect pH or prevent further liver damage

Phenazopyridine does not treat the cause of the urinary irritation, but it can help relieve the symptoms while other treatments take effect. Phenazopyridine is a dye that works as an analgesic to soothe the lining of the urinary tract, It relieves the itching and burning, as well as urinary urgency and frequency. It is both a prescription and an over-the-counter (OTC) medication.

The nurse will draw up and administer 2.0 mL. To calculate: 1. Convert mg to mcg: 9.5mg * 1000 = 500mcg 2. Known: 5mL = 500mcg 3. 1 mL = 100 mcg. 0.2mL = 200mcg 5. You. can also set up an equation: (5 mL x 200mcg / 500 * mcg = 2mL Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, is used as an antidote for intentional benzodiazepine overdose, as well as reversing the sedation and respiratory depression from anesthesia.

Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins are normally held 12 hours before surgery because of the increased risk of perioperative bleeding. Patients with a history of atrial fibrillation are often on anticoagulation therapy to prevent the formation of blood clots. The health professional should contact the appropriate physician to clarify whether the heparin should be administered.

Most chemotherapeutic agents have a high potential for causing nausea and vomiting. Up to 80% of patients experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, which occur when the vomiting center in the brain is stimulated during the chemotherapy infusion. Administering an antiemetic prior to starting the infusion can prevent or minimize nausea and vomiting.

Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs work by reducing inflammation, swelling, and mucus production in the airways of a person with asthma. As a result, the airways are less inflamed and less likely to react to asthma triggers. Inhaled corticosteroids are the primary treatment for asthma.

D5NS infusion is hypertonic, so it will draw fluid into the circulation. Trendelenburg position could compromise the airway in a patient who has had head or neck surgery. Atropine could cause hyponatremia and further hypotension. It is not necessary to move the emergency cart to the patient's bedside at this time.

The nurse should maintain the current heparin infusion rate. The reference range of aPTT is 30-40 seconds. To obtain an aPTT result, an activator is added that speeds up the clotting time and results in a narrower reference range. The aPTT is considered a more sensitive version of the PTT and is used to monitor the patient's response to heparin therapy. Decreasing or increasing the infusion rate is not appropriate. Protamine sulfate is a heparin antagonist, used to immediately reverse the action of heparin. It is not indicated for this situation.

The percentage of the drug that is NOT protein bound is the amount of the drug that is free to work as expected. In this case, 50% of the drug is unable to be effective because it is protein-bound. Protein binding has nothing to do with drug excretion, protein in the diet, or the destruction of protein.

Metronidazole is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat a variety of infections, including bacterial vaginosis. If a dose is missed, the client should NOT take a double dose. The client should take the medication at prescribed intervals with a meal or a full glass of water or milk. The client should avoid alcohol while taking metronidazole and for 72 hours after finishing all doses. Drinking can cause nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and headaches. Loss of appetite and a metallic taste in the mouth are possible side-effects that go away when the medication is finished.

Pressing the gauze pad against the skin while removing the needle reduces the discomfort of the pulling sensation. Once the medication has been completely injected, remove the needle using a smooth, steady motion. Remove the needle at the same angle at which it was inserted.

Circulatory overload occurs when blood or plasma enters the blood stream too quickly. It is evidenced by respiratory distress, tachycardia, hypertension, and the presence of pulmonary edema (crackles). The client may also display neck vein distention. Pulmonary embolism signs also include respiratory distress, tachycardia and hypertension, as well as hemoptysis, fever, chest pain, diaphoresis, and fainting. The most common signs of a transfusion reaction are chills, back pain, fever, itching, hives, and shortness of breath. Signs of a myocardial infarction include pressure or tightness in the chest; pain in the chest, jaw, and upper body; shortness of breath; diaphoresis; nausea; vomiting; and anxiety.

Breathing in slowly and deeply and then holding one's breath allows for the medication to move farther down the patient's airway. If possible, the patient should count to ten before exhaling. Spacers are typically suggested because they prevent the medication from collecting on the tongue and the back of the throat. Because inhalers leave a residue in the mouth, they can increase the risk of developing Candida infections. The patient should always rinse their mouth after use.

Hypovolemia is corrected by expanding the intravascular compartment. An isotonic IV solution will expand the intravascular compartment without affecting cells and tissues of other fluid compartments. Hypertonic and colloid solutions would pull fluid into the intravascular space but at the expense of other fluid compartments.

A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus. Taking isotretinoin (Accutane) during pregnancy can cause birth defects of the brain and heart as well as facial deformities. Before providing the client any instructions on taking this medication, the nurse should determine whether the client might be pregnant. The client should have a reliable birth control method. The capsules are swallowed whole with a full glass of water. Unusual weight gain or weight loss are listed as rare or unknown adverse reactions.

Because thiazide diuretics produce an increase in urine output, the patient should avoid taking the medication in the evening so that sleep is not interrupted. Potassium is lost in the urine along with sodium and chloride, so the patient should be instructed to include potassium-rich foods in the diet to avoid hypokalemia. Examples of potassium-rich foods include avocados, spinach, sweet potatoes, yogurt, and bananas

Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid that quickly neutralizes gastric acid. It is used to treat heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It can also reduce phosphate levels in certain kidney conditions. Constipation is the main side effect, which can lead to worsening hemorrhoids or bowel obstruction. Other side effects include loss of appetite, pain on urination, drowsiness, and muscle weakness. The other options are not related to the use of aluminum hydroxide.

1mcg = 0.001mg To convert 25 mcg, set up a proportion: 1/0.001 = 25 / x Cross-multiply (0.001 * 25 = 0.025mg) and then multiply by 52kg = 1.3mg per minute. In one hour (60 min × 1.3 mg), the client should receive 78 mg.

NPH insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin, usually given once or twice a day. The peak effect of NPH insulin occurs 4-12 hours after administration, so the nurse should start to monitor for signs of hypoglycemia at 10:00 a.m. Hypoglycemia (blood glucose below 70 mg/dl) can have a rapid onset. Signs include shakiness, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, sweating, chills, and clammy skin. The patient's pulse may increase. The patient may complain of blurred vision, headache, fatigue, hunger, or nausea.

The nurse should hold the penicillin and contact the provider who ordered the medication. Even a mild reaction in the past puts the client at risk for an anaphylactic reaction, which typically occurs within an hour of administration. Common adverse effects of penicillin include rash; hives; itching; and swelling of the face, lips, and tongue.

Corticosteroids are often recommended to treat inflammatory conditions such as pneumonitis. The other options are not appropriate. Chest tubes are used for drainage. Albuterol is a drug for rapid bronchodilation. A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure in which a cut is made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs or other organs in the chest or thorax.

Standards of safe medication administration require obtaining two patient identifiers before proceeding. For a child, a parent can give the child's name. Many young children do not know their full name or are accustomed to being called by a nickname. Adults can be asked the child's name and birth date. Room numbers are not a reliable means of verifying identification.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) can cause hyperglycemia, so blood glucose levels should be closely monitored. Because of the hypertonicity of the TPN solution, it must be administered via a central venous catheter. The high concentrations of glucose and lipids make TPN an excellent medium for bacterial growth. Therefore, administration sets should be changed every 24 hours if the TPN contains lipids.

One of the most common side effects of propantheline is a dry mouth, so good oral hygiene is important. Because propantheline reduces stomach acid, it has a "drying" effect that can also result in constipation and urinary retention. The client should be instructed to report side effects. Fluids are not restricted and there is no special diet. Laxatives may be appropriate.

Potentiation is a type of drug interaction. Potentiation occurs when two drugs are taken together and the action of one drug increases the action of the other, causing the pharmacologic response to be greater for one of the drugs.

Grapefruit and its juice contain furanocoumarins, which inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. CYP3A4 is involved in metabolizing many drugs, including calcium channel blockers. Medication blood levels can increase, becoming toxic. The levels of calcium channel blockers are increased when grapefruit or grapefruit juice is consumed, potentially causing hypotension. Grapefruit can interfere with other drugs too, including statins (atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin), some antibiotics, and some cancer drugs.